Glucoraphanin (GRA), a glucosinolate particularly abundant in broccoli ( Brassica oleracea var. Consequently, HM-chromanone may improve insulin resistance by downregulating the phosphorylation of IRS-1 serine through inhibition of negative regulators of insulin signaling and inflammation-activated protein kinases in L6 skeletal muscle cells. Additionally, HM-chromanone increased glycogen synthesis through phosphorylating glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha/beta (GSK3 α/β) via AKT. Phosphorylated AKT promoted the translocation of Glucose transporter type 4 to the plasma membrane and significantly enhanced glucose uptake into muscle cells.
This activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and stimulated protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation. HM-chromanone promoted insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) tyrosine phosphorylation and suppressed palmitate-induced phosphorylation of IRS-1 serine. HM-chromanone treatment downregulated protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta (IKKβ), which increased because of palmitate mediating the insulin-resistance status in cells. Glucose uptake was markedly decreased due to palmitate-induced insulin resistance in these cells however, 10, 25, and 50 µM HM-chromanone remarkably improved glucose uptake in a concentration-dependent manner. This study investigated the effect of ( E)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(2-hydroxybenzyl)-4-chromanone (HM-chromanone) on palmitate-induced insulin resistance and elucidated the underlying mechanism in L6 skeletal muscle cells. This study suggests that adequate intake of protein, vitamin B1, niacin, phosphorus, and iron is beneficial for maintaining HGS. In women with LGS, the odds of insufficient protein intake (OR 1.976, 95% CI 1.248–3.127) was significantly higher. The LGS group had lower protein, niacin, phosphorus, and iron densities in their diet than the NGS group. In men, the LGS group had a higher proportion of energy from carbohydrates and a lower proportion of energy from proteins than the NGS group. The relationship between dietary factors, e.g., nutrients, foods, and dietary patterns, and HGS was evaluated by multivariate logistic regression analyses. We used data from the 2014–2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 11,635 Korean adults with LGS and normal handgrip strength (NGS). We examined the sex-specific association between low handgrip strength (LGS) and dietary factors for the prevention of sarcopenia in young and middle-aged Koreans. “Possible sarcopenia” may be defined as a low muscle strength assessed by handgrip strength (HGS) by sex. Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.To publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a firstĭecision provided to authors approximately 17.2 days after submission acceptance.Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 ( Nutrition & Dietetics) / CiteScore - Q1 ( Food Science).High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, MEDLINE, PMC, Embase, PubAg, AGRIS, and other databases.
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